SEARCH

"Decisions of the city authorities affect health of billions of citizens. In order that city life became comfortable, each inhabitant has to have opportunities to support the health, and are for this purpose necessary: public transport, safe, clean and attractive open public places, healthy food and, of course, available medical care", - emphasized, submitting the report the CEO of WHO Tedros Gebreyesus. In the report which has to be help for mayors, local officials and experts in the field of city planning examples of successful actions are given: these are antismoking a measure in Beijing and Bogore, initiatives of traffic safety in Accra and Bangkok, creation of the streets safe for elderly citizens, in New York and many others. It is remarkable that 15 of 19 successful initiatives given in the report are carried out in developing countries of which 90 percent of cases of death of people as a result of road accident and 85 mortality percentages from noninfectious diseases are the share. At the same time, it is necessary to consider that seven of ten largest megalopolises in the world are in the countries with low and average income, and in such states rapid growth of urban population is expected. "Introducing the most effective measures on a global scale, we will be able to save millions of lives", - Michael Bloomberg, the former mayor of New York, the founder of charity foundation and the Ambassador of WHO on noninfectious diseases and injuries is sure. - We want to show to city politicians that, implementing effective programs, it is possible to achieve real results". Having accepted Sustainable development goals, member states of the UN undertook by 2030 to reduce noninfectious diseases mortality by a third, and to the 2020th half to reduce quantity of injuries and death as a result of road accidents.

Floods – one of the types of natural disasters, most widespread in Europe: for the last 20 years any country of the region did not manage to avoid them practically. But this year in many corners of Europe they reached unprecedented scales. So, in Venice water level reached value, record for the last 50 years, in Montenegro the whole settlements were cut off by water, and in Great Britain people are forced to be evacuated from the houses. The European bureau WHO reminds that during floods, as a rule, there is a deficiency of drinking water, sanitary and hygienic conditions worsen, people are traumatized – all this affects health of the population. But because of failures in work of various services, including medical institutions, people can not always receive necessary medical care. Often floods become a cause of death of people: they not only sink, but sometimes perish from defeat by electric current. Since the beginning of the 21st century thousands of people became the victims of floods in the region, and victims of them are estimated in millions. WHO published recommendations for all who anyway suffered from floods. In them measures which can be accepted that to reduce risk for health to a minimum to, in time and after a flood are described. After a water descent, for example, first of all it is necessary to clear away the territory and to restore roads, the major services and housing. Experts warn that against the background of the become frequent extreme weather events, including long pouring rains, more and more frequent and powerful will be also floods. WHO urges the central and local authorities to take measures for preparation for floods and to quickly liquidate the related consequences for human health and for work of health services. The floods which fell upon Europe cause deep alarm also in UNESCO. There are extremely concerned by a condition of Venice which in 1987 was included in the World Heritage List. This unique city is already threatened by domination of tourists, an infinite stream of cruise liners, new buildings, and now and climate change. Also monuments of the World heritage in the south of Italy suffered from floods. UNESCO is ready to render any necessary help, and in 2020, in coordination with the authorities, intend to direct the group of experts for assessment of a condition of Venice there.

On the basis of actual data from more than 900 international publications, authors of the report submitted today in Copenhagen claim that art has a positive impact on human health throughout all life: since pre-natal development and finishing the last days of life. So, small children to whom parents read books before going to bed sleep at night longer and better concentrate at lessons not to mention that thus the emotional connection with parents is strengthened. Occupations in theatrical circles can help youth to approach more responsibly decision-making and to protect themselves from violence. At later stages of life music can support cognitive function at people with dementia: data of researches show that singing especially promotes improvement of attention, event memory and ability to function in everyday life. Long before the mankind learned what it is penicillin or genetics, people created music and painting, "Long before the mankind learned what it is penicillin or genetics, people created music and painting, - Ostlin, the acting director of the European regional office of WHO reminds Pirosk. - Our need to express own hopes and fears, perception of the world around and to share it with others – it is also deep as need to satisfy hunger and thirst. Is it worth being surprised that art can well affect our health and wellbeing". People expressed themselves in art from the very beginning of the existence. Today it becomes clear that art - and effective "medicine". Photo of UNESCO/H. Expressed to Arango Lyudi themselves in art from the very beginning of the existence. Today it becomes clear that art - and effective "medicine". Except preventive function, art time carries out a role of drugs and yields "clinical significant" results. "Examples which are given in this really revolutionary report of WHO show how art can promote the solution of such "artful" and difficult problems of health care as diabetes, obesity and mental disorders, - Ostlin notes Pirosk. - Authors consider health and wellbeing in wider social context and offer approaches to the solution of problems which still did not manage to be solved only by medical methods". For example, music and own creativity help to facilitate side effects of cancer therapy, including drowsiness, lack of appetite, an asthma and nausea. At those who got to intensive care unit music and needlework reduces uneasiness, pain and reduces arterial blood pressure. And the clownery which became popular in a number of the countries helps to distract and lighten the mood not only to sick children, but also their parents. Thanks to dances, under numerous certificates, a physical activity at patients with Parkinson's disease considerably improves. Art can promote the solution of such "artful" and difficult problems of health care as diabetes, obesity and mental disorders The data confirming that different types of art can help to cope with the endured trauma are provided in the report to support people with neurologic frustration, including autism, a cerebral palsy and a stroke. At the end of life art can play a role of palliative support for the person and help relatives to experience his death. Authors of a research emphasize that some types of art therapy not only yield good clinical results, but also in comparison with standard biomedical methods of treatment can be more favorable economically. Besides, they solve, not only physical, but also psychological problems and also, unlike many drugs, have no negative effects. WHO recommends to the governments to create programs of support of health by means of art, to include health issues in organization activity and institutions which work in the sphere of art and culture and also to train art therapies of health workers. In the report it is about five art forms, each of which includes a wide range of the directions: performing art (music, dance, singing, theater, cinema); visual art (needlework, design, painting, photo); literature (writing, reading, visit of literary festivals); participation in cultural actions (visit of the museums, galleries, concerts, theater); Internet art (animation, digital art, etc.).

WHO considers that everyone has to do vaccination against flu, but especially it is necessary to children 5 years and to people with such diseases as asthma or diabetes are younger. Though scientists do not know what influenza virus can be expected during a concrete season, working on vaccine creation, they consider many factors, and the final recommendation is taken out by WHO. It is proved that on average the inoculation protects 60 percent of healthy aged people from 16 to 64 years from flu. Keep in mind that vaccine begins to work in two weeks after a prick. It is known that the influenza virus is transferred in the airborne way so, sneezing or coughing, cover a mouth – but only not a palm, then you easily can infect others, for example, at handshake or just touching public objects. So it is better to close a mouth a napkin or a hand, for example, in an elbow. Well, also do not forget to wash hands during the day. If you nevertheless had symptoms – temperature, a sore throat, cough, then WHO experts recommend not to panic and not to call the ambulance. Let's themselves have a rest, drink as much as possible liquid and, most likely, the virus itself will leave an organism. But if you treat risk group, then it is better to see a doctor. Do not self-medicate at all and do not accept antibiotics. They do not help with a case of diseases of the virus nature. Nevertheless, every year many people, the patients with flu, takes the antibacterial drugs which are absolutely useless. The unjustified and excessive use of antibiotics, according to WHO, – one of the main problems of our time: at bacteria resistance to effect of these drugs develops, and the person can be helpless before any disease. Keep in mind that flu is a serious disease which can lead to complications and even death. It is especially dangerous to small children, pregnant women and people with heart diseases, chronic respiratory and pulmonary diseases and diabetes. Every year nearly 60,000 elderly people die of flu 65 years are more senior.

To such conclusions within the project which is carried out with the assistance of the World Health Organization (WHO) medical specialists of several universities of the world came. They in detail studied data of 129 researches published from 1980 to 2017 in the medical magazine The Lancet. The received results show that the situation is much more difficult, than it was supposed earlier: mental disorders in a severe form 5 percent of the people living in zones of the conflicts, and another 13 percent - in easy have. It is noted that in the conditions of the conflict of the woman are more subject to mental diseases, than men, at the same time with age the risk of development of a mental disorder increases - regardless of a floor. Specialists are sure that their research represents the most exact a picture for today: they used information published in nearly 30 years – from 1980 to August, 2017 – from 39 countries, and there the massif data and from those areas where the conflicts do not cease the last 10 years entered. Among them – Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Nigeria, Somalia, Syria and South Sudan. In 2016 the number of armed conflicts reached an absolute maximum: in 37 countries of the world at the same time there were 53 centers of tension, 12 percent of all population of Earth lived in zones of the conflict, and 69 million people were forced to leave the houses is the highest indicator for all post-war history. The important role in prevention and treatment of such diseases is allocated for WHO. One of authors of a research, Dr. Mark van Ommeren of World Health Organization explains: "Our organization for a number of the directions: first, we coordinate rendering psychological assistance by the victim of wars, secondly, we estimate what opportunities are available on places and what additional assistance can be required in these or those circumstances, and thirdly – we help with training of specialists. Our task is in that with political support of local authorities to create conditions for rendering high-quality psychological and mental health care to the population". The data provided in a research will allow to determine more precisely the volume of resources which are required for the help to the people suffering from mental diseases as a result of the conflicts. His authors make a reservation that, in view of cultural and other discrepancies of a concept of mental diseases, their conclusions can be not absolutely exact for a number of the countries. Nevertheless, their estimates speak about need to help the people living in conflict zones and to allocate for a solution of the problem of mental disorders of additional resources. In a research specialists of WHO, University of Queensland took part in Australia, the University of Washington and also Harvard University.

"It is much more men, than women among the victims of murders and accidents on roads. Men resort to suicides more often and to a large extent suffer as a result of cardiovascular diseases", - the author of the report of WHO reported "The overview of world statistics in a health care field for 2019" Richard Sibulskis. Authors of a new research note that today people live longer and longer keep health in old age. If five flyings ago on average it was possible to live in full health till 58 and a half, then today the good health remains till 63 flyings. The new report is published on the eve of the World Health Day which is celebrated on April 7. Authors of the new report connect the fact that women live longer partly with the fact that men ask for medical care less often. Women, for example, pass test for HIV more often and begin to accept antiretroviral therapy die of the diseases connected with AIDS less often. The same concerns also TB patients. In general, the probability that the man will die of a noninfectious disease, for example, from a cardiovascular disease aged till 70 flyings, is 44 percent higher, than at the woman. Rates of mortality of men as a result of suicides are also higher, than at women. The gap in life expectancy between floors is lower in the poor countries where the level of maternal mortality is still high. So, in the least developed countries during pregnancy and childbirth one of 40 women, and in the countries with high income level - one of 3,300 dies. In general in the poorest countries people live 18 flyings less, than in industrialized countries. Every 14th child in the least developed states does not live up to the fifth birthday. "These statistical data say that the countries have to adopt the accurate strategy of primary health care designed to resist to noninfectious diseases and decrease in risk factors", - authors of the report consider. They believe that the situation can improve thanks to simple measures for strengthening of control of arterial blood pressure and fight against smoking. In many countries with the low and average level of income growth of chronic diseases is generally connected with such risk factors as smoking, alcohol intake and unhealthy food. These trends are especially noticeable on the African continent where they are aggravated with lack of appropriate medical care and drugs.

"Imagine that you give birth in the medical center where there is no safe water supply, toilets or devices for washing of hands, or you bring the sick child there — the CEO of WHO Tedros Adkhan Gebreyesus told. — Such is daily reality for millions of people". In two reports of WHO and UNICEF the situation with water supply and sanitation in healthcare institutions for the first time is considered, and their conclusions are unfavourable: from 20 to 25 percent of medical institutions are not equipped with the adequate water supply system or hygiene and sanitation, including lack of suitable toilets and wash basins. In many treatment and prevention facilities there are no elementary conditions for respect for hygiene of hands and safe sorting and utilization of medical waste. In many treatment and prevention facilities there are no elementary conditions for respect for hygiene... "Services of water supply, sanitation and hygiene in healthcare institutions — guarantee of prevention of infections and fight against them and also high-quality assistance. They have fundamental value for respect of advantage and the rights of each person who asks for medical care and also health workers" — the Secretary general of the United Nations Antoniu Guterrish said. Authors of the report established that in the least developed countries basic water supply systems equipped only a half (55%) of medical institutions. According to estimates, every year 17 million women in these countries give birth in the medical institutions which do not have appropriate sanitary and hygienic conditions. "When the child is born in medical institution without normal water supply, means of sanitation and hygiene, mother, and the child is threatened by serious risk of infection and death — Henriette Faure, the Executive director of UNICEF noted. — Each child has to be born in the clean room with the sterile equipment, and have to accept it the reliable, washed-up by water with soap hands". WHO experts and UNICEF note that because of a lack of hygiene at childbirth more than one million women and children annually perish. 26 percent of cases of death of newborns and 11 percent - mothers are connected with infections. Authors of the report "Practical steps" in detail describe eight measures which can accept the governments for improvement of a situation. These measures and, as a result, better services of water supply, sanitation and hygiene will allow to receive noticeable return from investments in the form of strengthening of health of mothers and newborns, prevention of stability to antimicrobial drugs, the termination of outbreaks of diseases and improvement of quality of the help. "I urge all people to support actions for ensuring services of water supply, sanitation and hygiene in all healthcare institutions, - the UN Chief Antoniu Guterrish told. Achievement of the goals in the field of sustainable development in many respects depends on it".

Delusions concerning safety of cannabis "In the light of the last changes in the legislation of some countries connected with the medical and not medical use of cannabis, emergence of the report in which we draw attention to this aspect – extremely in due time, - the Chairman of the International committee on Viroy Sumaya drugs told. – Today there is a set of the delusions concerning safety of cannabis, control over it and its distribution - especially where it is legalized or apply in the medical purposes". Authors of the report note a number of negative consequences of the uncontrolled use of marijuana: - increase in traumatism as a result of the road accidents; - growth of number dependent on cannabis; - an adverse effect on a fruit in case of cannabis smoking by mother during pregnancy; - chronic and acute bronchitis; - probability of a heart attack and stroke at youth; - in combination with tobacco - the increased risk of development of cancer and respiratory diseases; - a memory impairment - at the long daily use at teenage age. Fight against drug addiction led to the fact that many people lost access to soothing drugs The back of weak control over drugs, the deficiency of opioid anesthetics or their inaccessibility the patient enduring improbable tortures is. In the report it is noted that despite separate small shifts, the quantity of available opioid analgetics decreased and far does not meet the needs for the majority of the countries of Africa, East Asia, Central and South America and the Caribbean Region. And the amount of available narcotic anesthetics steadily grows in the USA, Canada, Australia and a number of the western countries and much more exceeds the needs for them. In Eastern Europe their level did not change since 1994. One more reason that persons in need do not receive soothing is connected with the fact that doctors are afraid to buy, store or appoint opioid analgetics, being afraid of punishment. According to the appropriate public authorities, almost in half of the countries which provided data there are strict restrictions for what categories of health workers have the right to appoint opioid analgetics. Specially trained nurses are still allowed to appoint opioid analgetics only in 2 percent of the countries which provided answers. In 26 percent of the countries over which there are data, legal sanctions for inadvertent mistakes at the address with opioid analgetics are still provided. As for rules of prescription of medicines, in many countries period of validity of recipes makes one month or more. And here effectively it is impossible to control distribution of so-called "design" precursors and new psychoactive substances so far. In the new report experts of Committee also condemned the violence directed against drug users or those who are suspected of the activity connected with drugs. The international control system over drugs is constructed on three conventions on control over drugs – the Uniform convention on drugs of 1961, the Convention on psychotropic substances of 1971 and the Convention of the UN on fight against illicit trafficking in drugs and psychotropic substances of 1988. The international committee on control over drugs is independent body which is urged to monitor implementation of conventions of the UN on control over drugs. It was created in 1968 according to provisions of the Convention on drugs. In its structure — 13 independent experts. The committee annually prepares the report on the work in which it gives an assessment of measures for control over drugs and draws attention to problems and shortcomings of national systems.

"The stigmatization, incorrect representations and a taboo connected with periods still lead the sociocultural norms violating women's rights to discrimination of women and girls", – it is said in the statement of experts. According to human rights activists, a number of women's rights and girls, including the rights to health, education, work, freedom of worship and religions and also the right for participation in cultural and public life is as a result violated. "In many countries of the woman and girl during periods are considered as "dirty" and "soiled", and in this regard there is a number of restrictions: for example, forbid to touch with it water or to prepare, to attend certain religious ceremonies or places of departure of a cult, or to participate in public actions, – human rights activists say. – The menstruating girls sometimes even force to live outdoors, in the shed, on cold where they can get sick or wildings can attack them". Many women and girls also have no opportunity to acquire personal care products or to use them. In some regions of the girl during periods women – for work do not even go to school, and. "Though in some countries the discrimination connected with periods was prohibited at the legislative level, and the measures designed to provide the menstruating girls and women to all necessary in many parts of the world still were developed ignore disturbances of their rights", – it is said in the statement of experts. Human rights activists also urged to increase literacy of the population in the field of reproductive health and about related physiological processes and to break down the stereotypes, myths and a taboo surrounding this subject.

AP: In general, it is very big institute of epidemiology which is engaged in studying including infectious diseases. One of the purposes is a control and monitoring of spread of infectious diseases and, respectively, some preventive measures to understand why people are ill as this virus extends also that to do to us that it did not occur further. The institute is engaged not only in HIV infections, but also hepatitis, infections, sexually transmitted, and especially dangerous infections. Our division is engaged in HIV infection. It is only one infection, but at the same time it includes not only the medical moment, but also questions of prevention, many social problems and also demographic, economic, development of measures for studying of viruses, including new diagnostics to accelerate diagnosis, development of new drugs to treat and subsequently sometime to cure HIV infection completely. In this big division we have a department of directly clinical trials where I as my main first specialty is a doctor - the infectiologist work. When there is some new drug, we have to investigate it at first on small group of HIV-positive patients. For this purpose we select them, we observe further in common already with another divisions and the organizations we draw conclusions about its efficiency. The second orientation of my work - already more epidemiological. All who are engaged in HIV infections, know about UNAIDS Purposes 90-90-90. The purpose is in that 90 percent of people with HIV infection knew about the diagnosis, 90 percent from them received treatment and that for 90 percent from them it was effective [i.e. that virus loading was suppressed. An editor's note] And that to reach it, to us it is necessary to involve people in inspection, then that at whom the virus is revealed, to provide medical care and effectively to treat them. My main scientific work in which I am engaged now and on which I will write the doctoral dissertation is connected to reveal social and demographic features which interfere with effective introduction of this cascade at all stages to try to improve commitment of our patients. MM: Whether tell, please, remember you when you decided to be engaged in medicine and to specialize in HIV infection? AP: In my case everything is rather simple, my parents is doctors too. Not that they forced me or persuaded, but since the childhood it was clear to me that I will be a doctor. MM: After all it is difficult, it is HIV infection, and today it cannot be cured, and it is possible to constrain only somehow effectively. Very complex contingent and mass of questions which arise every day and which the standard therapist in policlinic does not face. Did you have some thoughts what, maybe, it not for women? AP: In general, if to say that there are conditionally some female and nonfeminine professions, then, as for medicine in our country, it is mainly female profession, especially if it is therapeutic specialty or infectious diseases. If you attend any conference in Russia, mainly in the hall there will be women. If we say it about a clinical part and if it is, of course, research work and higher leading posts, then there mainly men. MM: And with what it is connected? AP: I do not think that it is connected with the fact that women are limited somehow or are not let. Most likely just not especially aspire to it. It is clear, that it will take a lot of time and it is rather heavy responsibility, and at us it is accepted that the woman needs to give more time to family and children. MM: That is it is a certain social stereotype? AP: It seems to me that there is such certain social stereotype though, of course, directly nobody will sound it, but subconsciously girls can choose other directions. In respect of HIV infections, the only question connected with my specialty which to me is often asked especially people who got acquainted with me recently and find out that I work in the AIDS center with HIV-positive people, it: "And you are not afraid to catch from them?!". At once it becomes clear that we just do not finish with our prevention and knowledge of the population that in the everyday life, entering some relations or contacts, we have more risk [to catch], than from our patients. There is still such [opinion] that it is heavy patients, but, let us assume, in comparison with the same diseases, emotionally heavier for the doctor, which lead to "burning out", for example, in oncology or some serious children's illness, HIV infection after all not deadly. It is controlled, and we rather optimistically can look at our patients. Therefore to say that it is emotionally heavy, is not present rather, on the contrary, happens even pleasantly when you see that the patient was at a heavy stage and after we began with him therapy and began to work in all directions, he returned to the normal life, became more active, more attentive to the health. There are even pleasant moments.